Which of the following is NOT a key phase in the product realization process?

In the context of the product realization process, each phase plays a critical role in bringing a product from concept to market. Market research, while essential for understanding consumer needs and identifying opportunities, is not typically classified as a direct phase of the product realization process. Instead, it is considered a preliminary activity that informs the phases that follow.

Prototyping, design and engineering, and product launch are recognized as essential stages in the product realization process. Prototyping involves creating a model of the product to evaluate concepts and design ideas. Design and engineering focus on developing the specifications and plans necessary to create the product, ensuring it meets both functional and aesthetic criteria. The product launch phase is where the final product is introduced to the market, encompassing all activities necessary for a successful rollout.

Thus, while market research provides valuable insights that shape subsequent phases, it is not categorized as a standalone key phase in the product realization process.